Dénominations

• Nom botanique :

  Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg (1941)
  
  

• Synonymes français

  :
  
  châtaignier-pays, rimier, fruit à pain
  
  

• Synonymes

  :
  
  Artocarpus communis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 1775, Artocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L.f. 1782, Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. 1917 (synonyme selon DPC ; nom accepté et espèce différente/distincte selon GRIN et TPL) ;
  
  Dont basionyme : x ;
  
  

• Noms anglais et locaux

  :
  
  breadfruit (bread fruit), dugdug, bread nut, Brotfruchtbaum (de), 'ulu (haw), fruta-pao (pt), arbol del pan (es), pana (es), fruta de pan (es), brödfrukt (sv), rata-del (si), erapillakai (local), aeiore (ty), maiore (ty), mandrairuta (ty) ;
  
  

Classification

• classique :
  
  
  • Règne : Plantae ;
  • Sous-règne : Tracheobionta ;
  • Division : Magnoliophyta ;
  • Classe : Magnoliopsida ;
  • Sous-classe : Rosidae ;
  • Ordre : Rosales ;
  • Famille : Moraceae ;
  • Tribu : Artocarpeae ;
  • Genre : Artocarpus ;
  • Section : x ;
  • Nom complet : ? ;
  
  
  
• phylogénétique :
  
  
  • Clade 4 : Angiospermes ;
  • Clade 3 : Dicotylédones vraies ;
  • Clade 2 : Rosidées ;
  • Clade 1 : Fabidées ;
  • Ordre APN: Rosales ;
  • Famille APN : Moraceae ;
  
  
  
  
  Arbre phylogénétique des plantes, montrant les principaux clades et les groupes traditionnels.
  
  Les groupes monophylétiques sont en noir et les paraphylétiques sont en bleu.
  
  
  Par Maulucioni (travail personnel), CC BY-SA 4.0,
  via Wikimedia Commons
  
  
• 

Description et culture

• dont infos de "FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL" :
  
  

  • Description

    :
    
    Un grand arbre atteignant 20-26 m de hauteur. Le tronc peut mesurer 6 m de haut avant de se ramifier. Le coffre peut mesurer jusqu'à 1 m de diamètre. C'est un arbre à feuilles persistantes mais qui peut perdre ses feuilles par temps sec. Les feuilles sont grandes et varient selon la quantité de feuilles divisées. Ils peuvent être entiers ou divisés en 5 à 11 lobes. Les feuilles sont vert vif sur la face supérieure avec des veines jaunes et sont pâles et ternes sur la face inférieure. Ils ont de très petits poils raides en dessous. Les fleurs mâles et femelles se trouvent sur le même arbre. Les fleurs mâles sont des épis cylindriques qui tombent et mesurent 12 à 30 cm de long. Les fleurs femelles sont regroupées en une tête ronde. Le capitule se développe en fruit composé. Les fruits sont gros et verts. Ils peuvent mesurer 20 cm de diamètre. Les espèces à graines ont des épines et les espèces sans graines ont une surface plus lisse. Il existe des types à graines, à petites graines et non ensemencées. Il existe un certain nombre de cultivars de chacun. La graine peut mesurer 2 cm de diamètre et présenter des lignes plus foncées^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : A large tree up to 20-26 m in height. The trunk can be 6 m tall before branching. The trunk can be up to 1 m across. It is an evergreen tree but can lose its leaves in dry weather. The leaves are large and vary in the amount the leaves are divided. They can be entire or divided into 5 to 11 lobes. The leaves are bright green on the upper surface with yellow veins and are pale and dull on the under surface. They have very small stiff hairs underneath. Male and female flowers occur on the same tree. The male flowers are cylindrical spikes which droop and are 12-30 cm long. The female flowers are grouped in a round head. The flower head develops into the compound fruit. The fruit are large and green. They can be 20 cm across. Seeded kinds have spines, and seedless kinds have a more smooth surface. Seeded, small seeded, and non seeded types occur. There are a number of cultivars of each. Seed can be 2 cm across and with darker lines^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Production

    :
    
    Les arbres commencent à porter après 3-6 ans. La croissance des arbres est vigoureuse et la fructification commence après environ 3 ans. Les arbres atteignent 10 à 15 m en 10 à 12 ans. Les arbres matures peuvent atteindre 30 m de haut. La fructification peut se produire sur 5 à 8 mois dans certains endroits et cela est en partie dû aux variétés dont les saisons de fruits se chevauchent. Un arbre peut produire de 50 à 150 fruits par an. Un fruit peut peser 1 à 1,6 kg chacun. Les grands arbres peuvent donner 700 fruits par an de 1 à 4 kg chacun. Une graine moyenne pèse 5 g. Les fruits sont récoltés 65 à 95 jours après la floraison^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : Trees begin to bear after 3-6 years. Growth of the trees is vigorous, with fruiting starting after about 3 years. Trees grow to 10-15 m in 10-12 years. Mature trees can be 30 m high. Fruiting can occur over 5-8 months in some locations and this is partly due to varieties with overlapping fruit seasons. A tree can produce 50-150 fruit per year. A fruit can weigh 1-1.6 kg each. Large trees can give 700 fruit per year of 1-4 kg each. An average seed weighs 5 g. Fruit are harvested 65-95 days after flowering^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Culture

    :
    
    Les formes à graines sont auto-semées par les oiseaux ou les chauves-souris, et également cultivées à partir de graines. La présence ou l'absence de graines affecte considérablement la production. Les arbres à graines sont principalement multipliés par graines qui doivent être semées fraîches, sans que les graines ne sèchent. Les arbres sans pépins sont propagés par boutures de racines. Des boutures de racines de 1,5 cm à 4 cm de diamètre et 25 cm de longueur conviennent. Les boutures peuvent s'enraciner pendant la saison des pluies, dans le sable. Ils doivent être placés horizontalement. Ils doivent être maintenus humides et ombragés. L'utilisation d'un brouillard intermittent améliore la formation des racines et l'établissement de la coupe. L'enracinement des hormones aide également. Ce processus prend 10 semaines ou plus, puis les boutures enracinées doivent être durcies dans une position ensoleillée jusqu'à 3 mois de plus avant de les planter dans le champ. Les jeunes plantes font mieux avec un soleil adéquat et non de l'ombre. Drageons produits naturellement, ou en endommageant les racines, sont une méthode courante de production de nouveau matériel. Le marcottage ou le bourgeonnement peuvent également être utilisés pour la multiplication. Les arbres multipliés par voie végétative sont donc des clones et la variation est donc vraisemblablement somatique. La nouaison peut être améliorée en saupoudrant les fleurs mâles sur les fleurs femelles 3 jours après leur émergence. Parce que les arbres proviennent souvent de la dispersion naturelle des graines par les chauves-souris frugivores et les marsupiaux, les arbres sont souvent espacés au hasard et communs dans la forêt secondaire. Un espacement de 10-13 m convient entre les arbres. Les fruits peuvent mesurer 12 à 22 cm de long et 9 à 17 cm de large. La forme du fruit varie de ronde à oblongue. Les feuilles varient d'entières à profondément lobées et de rugueuses à lisses et brillantes. Le noyau central et la peau ne sont pas mangés. Les fruits à graines ont des tubercules saillants à la surface du fruit. Les fruits sans pépins ont des processus arrondis ou de 5 à 6 faces sur la surface. Les fleurs mâles et femelles poussent séparément sur le même arbre. Les fleurs mâles forment un chatons oblong tandis que les fleurs femelles forment une tête globulaire. Les fleurs sont à l'aisselle des feuilles. Les deux fleurs apparaissent normalement en même temps. La pollinisation artificielle a entraîné une augmentation des rendements dans certains endroits. C'est à la fois une augmentation de la taille des fruits et plus de fruits conservés sur l'arbre jusqu'à maturité. Le pollen de la fleur mâle est disponible 10 à 15 jours après la levée. Il s'écoule environ 3 mois entre la floraison et la maturité du fruit. Les fruits à graines ont 30 à 90 graines par fruit. Les arbres reçoivent rarement beaucoup d'attention après leur établissement, mais la taille des branches pour permettre un accès plus facile aux fruits est parfois entreprise. Les fruits sans pépins sont cueillis avant maturité lorsque le fruit est mangé par ébullition. La récolte de fruits mûrs peut être des fruits plus sucrés, mais ils doivent être cuits au four ou à la torréfaction. Les fruits semés sont normalement autorisés à tomber et sont ensuite récoltés. Les graines sont bouillies dans de l'eau salée ou grillées. Un arbre mature peut produire jusqu'à 700 fruits par an. Les graines représentent environ 20% de matière sèche sous forme de protéines avec un bon équilibre nutritionnel. Les niveaux d'acides aminés essentiels sont élevés pour les protéines végétales. Les fruits frais sont hautement périssables et doivent être manipulés avec soin et efficacité. Pit la conservation de l'arbre à pain implique la fermentation lactique. La fermentation doit être subie pendant 2 à 3 mois pour produire un produit au goût agréable. Les tranches d'arbre à pain peuvent être conservées au réfrigérateur dans un état commercialisable à 14 ° C pendant 10 jours maximum^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : Seeded forms are self sown by birds or bats, and also grown from seed. The presence or absence of seeds significantly affects the production. Seeded trees are mostly propagated by seed which needs to be sown fresh, without seed drying out. Seedless trees are propagated by root cuttings. Cuttings of roots 1.5 cm to 4 cm across and 25 cm long are suitable. Cuttings can be rooted during the wet season, in sand. They should be placed horizontally. They need to be kept moist and shaded. Using intermittent mist improves root formation and cutting establishment. Rooting hormones also assists. This process takes 10 weeks or more and then rooted cuttings should be hardened off in a sunny position for up to 3 more months before planting out into the field. Young plants do best with adequate sun and not shade. Root suckers produced naturally, or by damaging the roots, are a common method of production of new material. Marcottage or budding can also be used for propagation. The vegetatively propagated trees are therefore clones and the variation is presumably therefore somatic. Fruit set can be improved by dusting male flowers onto female flowers 3 days after they emerge. Because trees often occur from natural seed dispersal by fruit bats and marsupials trees are often randomly spaced and common in secondary forest. A spacing of 10-13m is suitable between trees. Fruit can be 12-22 cm long and 9 - 17 cm wide. The fruit shape varies from round to oblong. Leaves vary from entire to deeply lobed and from rough to smooth and shiny. The central core and the skin are not eaten. Seeded fruit have projecting tuberances on the surface of the fruit. Seedless fruit have rounded or 5 to 6 sided processes on the surface.Male and female flowers grow separately on the same tree. Male flowers form an oblong catkin while female flowers form a globular head. The flowers are in the axils of leaves. Both flowers normally appear at the same time. Artificial pollination has resulted in increased yields in some places. This is both an increase in fruit size and more fruit retained on the tree to maturity. The pollen in the male flower is available 10 to 15 days after emergence. It is about 3 months from flowering to fruit maturity. Seeded fruit have 30 to 90 seeds per fruit. Trees rarely receive much attention after establishment but pruning of branches to allow easier access to fruit is sometimes undertaken. Seedless fruit are picked before maturity when the fruit is eaten by boiling. Harvesting mature fruit can be sweeter fruit but they need to be cooked by baking or roasting. Seeded fruit are normally allowed to drop and are then harvested. Seeds are boiled in salted water or roasted. A mature tree can yield up to 700 fruit per year. The seeds are about 20 % of dry matter as protein with a good nutritional balance. The essential amino acid levels are high for vegetable protein. Fresh fruit are highly perishable and need to be handled carefully and efficiently. Pit preservation of breadfruit involves lactic acid fermentation. The fermentation needs to be undergone for 2 to 3 months to produce a palatable product. Breadfruit slices can be stored under refrigeration in a fresh marketable state at 14°C for up to 10 days. Segments can be boiled for 2 to 5 minutes then frozen at minus 15°C for at least 11 weeks^{{{0(+x).
    
    

Consommation

Partie testée

Risques et précautions à prendre

Petite histoire-géo

Autres infos

• Statut

  :
  
  Un complément alimentaire saisonnier assez important dans de nombreuses zones côtières. Les formes à graines sont plus courantes dans la partie occidentale de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : A quite important supplementary seasonal food in many coastal areas. The seeded forms are more common in the western part of Papua New Guinea^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Distribution

  :
  
  Une plante tropicale. Il se produit dans les basses terres tropicales chaudes et humides. La plante est purement tropicale et normalement inférieure à environ 650 m d'altitude, mais les arbres poussent du niveau de la mer jusqu'à environ 1150 m. Les types à graines sont plus dominants dans l'ouest de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. Les arbres sont tués par des températures inférieures à 5 ° C. Il nécessite probablement une température moyenne supérieure à 22 ° C pour bien pousser. Il a tendance à croître dans la plage de températures de 16 ° C à 38 ° C. Il pousse sur une gamme de sols à condition qu'ils soient bien drainés. Il existe une certaine différence de cultivar dans la tolérance à la sécheresse et la tolérance au sel. Les climats humides et uniformément chauds lui conviennent le mieux. Une pluviométrie annuelle de 200 à 250 cm et une humidité relative de 70 à 80% conviennent. Il convient à la zone de rusticité 11-12^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : A tropical plant. It occurs in the hot, humid, tropical lowlands. The plant is purely tropical and normally below about 650m altitude, but trees grow from sea level up to about 1150 m. Seeded types are more dominant in the west of Papua New Guinea. Trees are killed by temperatures below 5°C. It probably requires an average temperature over 22°C to grow well. It tends to grow in the temperature range 16°C to 38°C. It grows on a range of soils providing they are well drained. There is some cultivar difference in drought tolerance and salt tolerance. Uniformly warm humid climates suit it best. An annual rainfall of 200-250 cm and a relative humidity of 70-80% suits. It suits hardiness zone 11-12^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Localisation

  :
  
  Afrique, Amazonie, Samoa américaines, Andamans, Angola, Antigua-et-Barbuda, Asie, Australie, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbade, Biélorussie, Belize, Brésil, Cambodge, Cameroun, Iles Caroline, Afrique centrale, Amérique centrale, Chine, Chuuk, Colombie, RD Congo, Îles Cook, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominique, République dominicaine, Afrique de l'Est, Timor oriental, Équateur, Fidji, Guyane française, Polynésie française, FSM, Gambie, Ghana, Grenade, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinée, Guinée e, Guyane, Haïti, Hawaï, Inde, Indochine, Indonésie, Jamaïque, Japon, Kiribati, Kosrae, Laos, Madagascar, Malaisie *, Maldives, Mariannes, Marquises, Îles Marshall, Martinique, Maurice, Mexique, Micronésie, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Antilles néerlandaises, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Nicaragua, Nigéria, Amérique du Nord, Nuie, Pacifique, Palau, Panama, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée *, PNG, Pérou,Philippines, Pohnpei, Porto Rico, Samoa, Sao Tomé-et-Principe, Asie du Sud-Est, Seychelles, Singapour, Îles de la Société, Îles Salomon, Amérique du Sud, Sri Lanka, Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis, Sainte-Lucie, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines, Suriname, Tahiti , Taïwan, Tanzanie, Thaïlande, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad, Truk, Tuvalu, USA, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Iles Vierges, Wallis et Futuna, Afrique de l'Ouest, Antilles, Yap^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : Africa, Amazon, American Samoa, Andamans, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Asia, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Caroline Islands, Central Africa, Central America, China, Chuuk, Colombia, Congo DR, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Africa, East Timor, Ecuador, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, FSM, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinée, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Kosrae, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia*, Maldives, Marianas, Marquesas, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North America, Nuie, Pacific, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea*, PNG, Peru, Philippines, Pohnpei, Puerto Rico, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, SE Asia, Seychelles, Singapore, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, South America, Sri Lanka, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Suriname, Tahiti, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad, Truk, Tuvalu, USA, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis & Futuna, West Africa, West Indies, Yap^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Notes

  :
  
  Il existe environ 50 espèces d'Artocarpus. Ils se trouvent dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales d'Asie et du Pacifique^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : There are about 50 Artocarpus species. They are in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and the Pacific^{{{0(+x).
  
  

Liens, sources et/ou références

• Sources et/ou références :

  "Fruits of Warm Climates" (livre en anglais, pages à 50 à 58, par Julia F. Morton), via Purdue Agriculture (New CROP) ; 5"Plants For A Future" (en anglais) ;
  
  dont classification : "The Plant List" (en anglais) ; ²"GRIN" (en anglais) ;
  
  dont livres et bases de données : 27Dictionnaire des plantes comestibles (livre, page 36, par Louis Bubenicek), 65"Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants" (livre en anglais, volume 3, pages 287 à 300, par T.K. Lim) ;
  
  Le Truffaut du Potager (collectif, éditions Larousse, 2010) / détails du livre
  
  dont biographie/références de "FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL" :
  
  Breadfruit references ; Aalbergsberg,W.G.L., Lovelace,C.E.A.,Madhojik.and Parkinson,S.V., 1988, Davuke, the traditional Fijian method of pit preservation of staple carbohydrate foods. Ecology of Food and Nutrition(USA), 21(3) 173-180. ; Abbiw, D.K., 1990, Useful Plants of Ghana. West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. p 42 ; Achinewhu, S.C. & Akpapunam, M.A.,1985, Physical and chemical characteristics and refined vegetable oils from rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis). Qualitas Plantarum. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition(Netherlands) 35(2):103-107. ; Ambasta S.P. (Ed.), 2000, The Useful Plants of India. CSIR India. p 56 ; Ananthanarayanan, S.,1964, A new leaf blotch of breadfruit from India. Plant Dis. Repty. 48:292-293. ; Arora, R. K., 2014, Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective. Bioversity International. p 58 ; Ashton, M. S., et al 1997, A Field Guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka. WHT Publications Ltd. pdf p 276 ; Atchley, J.,& Cox, P.A., 1985, Breadfruit fermentation in Micronesia. Econ. Bot. 39(3):326-335. ; Backer, C.A.& Brink, B van den, 1968, Flora of Java p18 ; Barrau, J., 1957, J. Agr. Trop. Bot. Appli. 4:119 ; Barrau, J., 1958, Subsistence Agriculture in Melanesia. Bishop Mus. Bull., 219:59. ; Barrau, J., 1976, Subsistence Agriculture in Polynesia and Micronesia. Bernice P. Bishop Museu, Bulletin 223 Honolulu Hawaii. Kraus reprint. p 51 ; Barrau, J., 1962, Les plantes alimentaires de lâ'Oceanie, Origines, distribution et usages. Marseille. ; Barrau, J., 1979, Breadfruit and relatives, in Simmonds N.W.,(ed), Crop Plant Evolution. Longmans. London. p 201 ; Barrow, J., 1831, The Mutiny of the Bounty. Reprinted London:Blackie. ; Barwick, M., 2004, Tropical and Subtropical Trees. A Worldwide Encyclopedic Guide. Thames and Hudson p 34 ; Batet, K., Koil, U., and Hertel, H., 1998, Traditional Plant Use by the Didipa Clan, Baitabag, Papua New Guinea. GDS. p 19 ; Baum, 1904, The Breadfruit reprinted from The Plant World Vols. 6 & 7. Washington. ; Bennett, B. C., 1990, Useful Plants of Amazonian Ecuador. US Agency for International Development. Fifth Progress Report. New York Botanical Gardens. p 39 ; Bennett, F.D. & Nozzolillo, C., 1987, How many Seeds in a Seeded Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae)? Econ.Bot 41:370-374. ; Bennett, G., 1860, Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australasia. p 396. ; Berven, J.M., 1966, Dieback of breadfruit trees in the Gilbert Is., South Pacific Commission Plant & Animal Quarantine Rept. Service Circular No 25 June 16, 1966. ; Bircher, A. G. & Bircher, W. H., 2000, Encyclopedia of Fruit Trees and Edible Flowering Plants in Egypt and the Subtropics. AUC Press. p 42 ; Blanco, 1837, Arctocarpus camansi & A.rima Fl.Filip.670,671. ; Bligh, , Voyage to the South Sea. ; Bodkin, F., 1991, Encyclopedia Botanica. Cornstalk publishing, p 105 ; Bodner, C. C. and Gereau, R. E., 1988, A Contribution to Bontoc Ethnobotany. Economic Botany, 43(2): 307-369 ; Bois, ,1927, Les Plantes Alimentaires, 1:449-452. ; Borrell, O.W., 1989, An Annotated Checklist of the Flora of Kairiru Island, New Guinea. Marcellin College, Victoria Australia. p 104 ; Bourke, R. M., Altitudinal limits of 230 economic crop species in Papua New Guinea. Terra australis 32. ; Bourret, D., 1981, Bonnes-Plantes de Nouvelle-Caledonie et des Loyaute. ORSTOM. p 14 ; Bowers, R.D., 1981, Breadfruit: a low energy requirement source of carbohydrate for the wet tropics. Entwicklung und Landlicher Raum (Germany F.R.) 15(2):11-13. ; Brandis, D., 1874, Forest Flora of North West and Central India. p426.Kew Herb., London. ; Brass, , 1956, Bull.Am.Mus. Nat.Hist. 111:97 ; Bravo, E.N.de, Graham, H.D., & Padovani,M., 1983, Composition of the breadnut (seeded breadfruit). Caribbean Journ. Sci. (PuertoRico) 19(3/4):27-32 ; Brouk, B., 1975, Plants Consumed by Man. Academic Press, London. p 87 ; Brown, F.B.H.,1933, Flora of SouthEastern Polynesia 111, Dicots.p37. Bishop Museum Bulletin 128. ; Brown, W.H., 1920, Wild Food Plants of the Philippines. Bureau of Forestry Bulletin No. 21 Manila. p 40 ; Brown, W.H., 1941, Artocarpus communis Forst. in Useful plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Vol 1 Manila. p 457-459. ; Bruyere, A and Ergo, A.B., 1986,[ An analytical bibliography of breadfruit(Artocarpus altiles ) ]Lâ'arbre a pain Artocarpus altilis Fosb.: bibliographe analytique. CIDAT, Musee Royal de lâ'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium. Abstr.Trop.Ag. 59779 ; Burkill, H. M., 1985, The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 4. Kew. ; Burkill, I.H., 1935, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. p 251-253 ; Cabalion, P. and Morat, P., 1983, Introduction le vegetation, la flore et aux noms vernaculaires de l'ile de Pentcoste (Vanuatu), In: Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquee JATBA Vol. 30, 3-4 ; Call, C. A., et al, 2004, Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Upland Ecosystem of Mt Malindang, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao. p 57 ; Chai, P. P. K. (Ed), et al, 2000, A checklist of Flora, Fauna, Food and Medicinal Plants. Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak. Forestry Malaysia & ITTO. p 168 ; Chandler, W.H., 1950, Evergreen Orchards. Lea & Febinger, Philadelphia. ; Cheifetz, A., (ed), 1999, 500 popular vegetables, herbs, fruits and nuts for Australian Gardeners. Random House p 171 ; Chevalier, A.,1940, Lâ'arbre a Pain et ses Congeneres. Revue Bot.Appl. Agr. Trop. 20:29. ; Chin, H.F., & Yong, H.S., 1996, Malaysian Fruits in Colour. Tropical press, Kuala Lumpur p 28 ; Christian, ,1897, Journ. Polynes. Soc. 6:127. ; Christian, F.W.,1899, The Caroline Islands. 386. ; Christian, F.W., Eastern Pacific Islands. 208. ; Christopherson, E.,1935, Flowering Plants of Samoa. Bishop Mus.Bull. 128:72. ; Clarke, W.C. & Thaman, R.R., 1993, Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for sustainability. United Nations University Press. New York. p 223 ; Conn, B. & Damas, K.. Guide to trees of Papua New Guinea. http:/www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees ; Cobley, L.S.(rev.W.M.Steele), 1976, An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops. Longmans. p188 ; Coe, F. G. and Anderson, G. J., 1999, Ethnobotany of the Sumu (Ulwa) of Southeastern Nicaragua and Comparisons with Miskitu Plant Lore. Economic Botany Vol. 53. No. 4. pp. 363-386 ; Coenan, J. & Barrau, J., 1961, The Breadfruit Tree in Micronesia. 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• Artocarpus nobilis
• Artocarpus obtusus
• Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco (Marang)
• Artocarpus ovatus
• Artocarpus petelotii
• Artocarpus reticulatus
• Artocarpus rigidus Blume (Jacquier rigide)
• Artocarpus sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett (Pingan)
• Artocarpus scortechinii
• Artocarpus sepicanus
• Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett (Pedalai)
• Artocarpus styracifolius
• Artocarpus tamaran
• Artocarpus tomentosulus
• Artocarpus tonkinensis
• Artocarpus vriesianus
• Artocarpus x sp
• Artocarpus xanthocarpus

Espèces de la même famille (Moraceae)

• Acanthosphaera ulei Warb.
• Antiaris toxicaria
• Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg
• Artocarpus altilis x Artocarpus mariannensis
• Artocarpus altissimus
• Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.
• Artocarpus asperula
• Artocarpus blancoi
• Artocarpus camansi Blanco
• Artocarpus chama
• Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb.
• Artocarpus dadah
• Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume
• Artocarpus fretissii
• Artocarpus fulvicortex
• Artocarpus glaucus
• Artocarpus gomezianus
• Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
• Artocarpus heterophyllus x
• Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.
• Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.
• Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.
• Artocarpus kemando Miq.
• Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.
• Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.
• Artocarpus lowii
• Artocarpus maingayi
• Artocarpus mariannensis
• Artocarpus melinoxylus
• Artocarpus nitidus Trécul
• Artocarpus nobilis
• Artocarpus obtusus
• Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco
• Artocarpus ovatus
• Artocarpus petelotii
• Artocarpus reticulatus
• Artocarpus rigidus Blume
• Artocarpus sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett
• Artocarpus scortechinii
• Artocarpus sepicanus
• Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett
• Artocarpus styracifolius
• Artocarpus tamaran
• Artocarpus tomentosulus
• Artocarpus tonkinensis
• Artocarpus vriesianus
• Artocarpus x sp
• Artocarpus xanthocarpus
• Bagassa guianensis
• Batocarpus amazonicus
• ...